Table of radicals
(Extracted from Kenneth Searight's book Sona, an auxiliary neutral language)
The following Table of Radicals (ideograms) gives only a limited number of English equivalents, some twelve hundred in all, which should however be sufficient for all purposes of analysis and translation. For instance a polysyllable such as ketoritu ‘how old are you?’ can be readily split up into its indissoluble elements —ke to ri tu— the value of each being indicated in the Table.
The Table is not in the usual alphabetical order but in that of (a) radicals containing a consonant, (b) radicals containing an aspirate, and (c) Particles. In some cases an English word will be found under two or more radicals; cf. ‘light.’ Each radical will render a separate meaning of that word.
The 36 Indicators are marked by an asterisk. n. signifies that a radical is intrinsically substantival; of these there are 250. p. signifies that a radical in isolated form is used as a particle; of these there are 35. v. signifies that a radical is intrinsically verbal; of these there are 90.
| G. | K. | ||
| GA* | n. physical; organic. | KA* | v. lead; cause; chief. |
| gan | n. matter; substance. | kan | n. house; build; construct. |
| aga | n. earth; ground; land. | aka | p. above; high; up; raise. |
| iga | n. salt; alkalai; soda. | ika | n. point; sharp; prick; p. just. |
| uga | n. grain; seed. | uka | n. vertical; stand up. |
| GE | p. and; join; chain; link. | KE* | p. what?; query; ask. |
| gen | n. compound; mix; blend. | ken | p. if; doubt; suspect. |
| age | v. meet; contact. | ake | v. request; propose; offer. |
| ige | v. cohere; stick; cling. | ike | v. suggest; guess; hint; suppose. |
| uge | n. cumulus; pile; heap. | uke | v. seek; hunt; quest; search. |
| GI* | n. collect; gather; group. | KI* | n. start; begin; ready; prepare. |
| gin | n. texture; weave; net; web. | kin | n. origin; root; cause. |
| agi | n. compress; dense; thick. | aki | n. speed; quick; hasten. |
| igi | v. mix; confuse; puzzle. | iki | n. sudden; shock; flash. |
| ugi | n. tangle; bush; cluster. | uki | v. develop; train; culture. |
| GO | n. circle; round; wind; roll. | KO* | n. small; few; less; child. |
| gon | n. sphere; ball; round. | kon | n. minute; atom; germ; speck. |
| ago | n. curve; bend; arc. | ako | n. short; brief; clip; shrink. |
| igo | n. convex; round; cheek. | iko | n. narrow; thin; squeeze. |
| ugo | v. fold; bind; wrap; clasp. | uko | n. frail; slender; delicate; fine. |
| GU | n. mouth; gap; gulf; gulp. | KU | v. lie; supine; bed; lay. |
| gun | n. angle; corner; fork. | kun | n. base; seat; sit. |
| agu | n. slope; lean; tilt; trend. | aku | n. surface; skim; slip; slide. |
| igu | n. cone; horn; wedge. | iku | n. flat; level; horizon. |
| ugu | n. hook; claw; catch. | uku | n. layer; shave; slice; film. |
| D. | T. | ||
| DA* | v. do; act; p. to (Infin.). | TA* | n. great; augment; p. very. |
| dan | n. value; money; price. | tan | n. body; bulk; mass; 1,000. |
| ada | n. work; function; make. | ata | v. spread; stretch; wide. |
| ida | v. direct; office; minister. | ita | v. fill; charge; thorough. |
| uda | n. law; justice; code. | uta | v. swell; wave; undulate. |
| DE | p. through; hole; pierce. | TE | n. hand; project; take. |
| den | n. tooth; bite; plough; dig. | ten | v. hold; contain. |
| ade | n. hollow; cave; cup; scoop. | ate | n. tube; cylinder. |
| ide | n. notch; dent; crack. | ite | n. flap; leaf; blade; tongue. |
| ude | v. break; rend; burst. | ute | n. pocket; sheath. |
| DI* | p. of; part; limb. | TI | n. they; them; their. |
| din | n. party; sect; creed. | tin | n. three; triangular. |
| adi | n. portion; share; lot. | ati | v. throw, shoot; missile. |
| idi | v. scatter; sow; spray. | iti | n. plan; object; intend. |
| udi | v. mangle; wound; tear. | uti | p. beyond; far; distance. |
| DO | n. two; both; bi-. | TO* | v. pass; year; was, were. |
| don | n. give; grant; issue. | ton | v. tire; wear; use up. |
| ado | v. add; affix; sum. | ato | n. old; age; senior. |
| ido | v. advise; prompt; urge. | ito | n. end; final; expire. |
| udo | v. pay; reward; atone. | uto | n. excess; flood; p. too. |
| DU | n. wood; nut; hard. | TU | n. you, your. |
| dun | n. horn; shell; crust. | tun | n. limit; wall; city. |
| adu | n. bone; thin; skeleton. | atu | n. eight; octagonal. |
| idu | n. brittle; snap; rotten. | itu | n. cube; block; dice. |
| udu | n. thump; thud; drum. | utu | v. swell; tumour; lump. |
| Z. | S. | ||
| ZA | p. back; rear; ago. | SA | v. know; teach; inform. |
| zan* | n. woman; female. | san | n. health; medicine; sane. |
| aza | v. delay; slow; late; lazy. | asa | v. prove; certain; ensure. |
| iza | n. pause; hover; hesitate. | isa | n. skill; talent; craft; art. |
| uza | v. yield; give up; submit. | usa | v. heed; obey; comply. |
| ZE | n. evil; sin; ugly. | SE | v. see; seem; visual. |
| zen | n. ill; sick; disease. | sen | v. feel; touch; sense. |
| aze | v. acuse; blame. | ase | v. care; watch; keep. |
| ize | n. clumsy; stupid; blunder. | ise | v. find; perceive; solve. |
| uze | n. harm; hurt; corrupt. | use | v. hear; sound; listen. |
| ZI | n. real; fact; positive; be. | SI* | n. self; one; own; identity. |
| zin | v. live; life; vital. | sin | n. form; shape; type. |
| azi | n. vigour; active; vivid. | asi | n. like; same; copy. |
| izi | n. ease; simple; light. | isi | n. mutual; exchange. |
| uzi | v. stir; wake; inspire. | usi | v. agree; fit; conform. |
| ZO | n. fire; burn; light. | SO | p. with; help; combine. |
| zon | n. poison; infect. | son | n. hundred; per cent. |
| azo | n. acid; bitter; sarcasm. | aso | n. truth; faith; trust. |
| izo | n. pain; hurt; ache. | iso | n. equal; even; balance. |
| uzo | n. spasm; cramp; writhe. | uso | n. treaty; bargain; pact. |
| ZU | n. animal; brutal; fierce. | SU | n. water; liquid; flow. |
| zun | n. seven; heptarchy. | sun | n. fish; clammy. |
| azu | n. storm; fury; violent. | asu | n. slime; bog; mucus. |
| izu | n. rough; crude; raw. | isu | n. cold; chill; frigid; keen. |
| uzu | n. wild; random; chaos. | usu | n. silver; glint; steel. |
| M. | N. | ||
| MA | n. place; put; local. | NA* | p. not; no; nor; deny. |
| man | v. stray; wait; remain; rest. | nan | p. although; ignore. |
| ama | p. instead; proxy; vice-. | ana | p. aganist; hostile; oppose. |
| ima | v. have; belong; get. | ina | v. cancel; destroy; wipe. |
| uma | n. mother; nation; home. | una | n. sole; only; isolate. |
| ME | v. think; mind; idea. | NE* | p. from; leave; absent; rob. |
| men | n. measure; size; month. | nen | p. except; omit; skip. |
| ame | v. regard; note; observe. | ane | v. avoid; shun; flee. |
| ime | n. belief; opinion; convince. | ine | v. seep; latent; numb. |
| ume | n. reason; rational; logic. | une | n. reserve; shy; retire. |
| MI | n. I; me; my. | NI* | v. suffer; undergo; able. |
| min | p. in; middle; interior. | nin | n. product; child; result. |
| ami | n. mean; modify; normal. | ani | p. under; fall; low; down. |
| imi | p. among; between; hiatus. | ini | n. quiet; peace; soothe. |
| umi | n. centre; heart; focus. | uni | v. depend; hang; hable. |
| MO | n. fruit; bulb; nipple. | NO | v. carry; vehicle. |
| mon | n. profit; gain; reap. | non | v. invert; reverse. |
| amo | n. climax; acme; summit. | ano | p. across; span; transfer. |
| imo | v. suck; pump; digest. | ino | n. new; mend; convert. |
| umo | n. breast; milk; suckle. | uno | n. cross; check; squint. |
| MU | n. hair; fur; wool; brown. | NU | v. change; turn; or. |
| mun | n. soft; pile; cushion. | nun | n. nine. |
| amu | n. pliant; supple; flex. | anu | v. upset; revolt; disturb. |
| imu | n. smooth; mild; gentle. | inu | n. other; vary; differ. |
| umu | n. bear; bore; grumpy. | unu | n. contrast; judge. |
| B. | P. | ||
| BA* | v. strike; military; weapon. | PA | v. eat; nourish; bread. |
| ban | v. contest; fight; match. | pan* | n. all; complete; fill. |
| aba | v. punish; penal; avenge. | apa | n. supply; store; (furnish); equip |
| iba | n. stubborn; persist; try. | ipa | p. enough; suffice; cofort. |
| uba | v. forbid; deny; ban; tabu. | upa | v. cram; stuff; choke; boil. |
| BE | p. without; strip; poor; (undo). | PE | n. foot; leg; walk; kick. |
| ben | n. clean; bathe; polish. | pen | n. five; pentagon. |
| abe | n. clear; pale; fair; flax. | ape | n. reptile with legs; creep. |
| ibe | v. spend; waste; drain. | ipe | n. reptile; sinuous; crawl. |
| ube | n. empty; void; vacate. | upe | v. jump; spring; skip; hop. |
| BI* | p. by; use; tool. | PI | n. bird; fly; aviation. |
| bin | n. utensil. | pin | n. feather; fringe; flimsy. |
| abi | n. habit; mode; custom. | api | n. insect with wings. |
| ibi | n. trade; commerce. | ipi | n. insect; vermin. |
| ubi | v. serve; tend; attend. | upi | n. buoyant; float; swim. |
| BO | n. flesh; blood; german. | PO* | p. on, by; cover; dress. |
| bon | n. plenty; wealth; bounty. | pon | v. weigh; heavy; load. |
| abo | n. antelope; buck. | apo | p. on; impose; ride; tax. |
| ibo | n. cattle; buffalo. | ipo | n. overlay; veneer; coat. |
| ubo | n. sheep; goat. | upo | n. shield; defend; shelter. |
| BU | n. smell; fume; smoke; kiss. | PU | n. filth; foul; dirt; soil. |
| bun | n. taste; savour. | pun | n. decay; pus; rot; rust. |
| abu | v. love; desire; dear. | apu | n. obscene; lewd; desire. |
| ibu | n. choice; pick; critic. | ipu | n. disgust; loathe; shame. |
| ubu | n. greed; covet; yearn; lust. | upu | n. swine; pig, pork. |
| L. | R. | ||
| LA | v. say; tongue; voice. | RA* | n. man; male. |
| lan | n. sound; play; music. | ran | n. king; rule; royal. |
| ala | v. praise; hail; cheer. | ara | n. master; tame; tyrant. |
| ila | n. bell; ring; jangle. | ira | n. strength; fort; muscle. |
| ula | v. sing; recite; howl; choir. | ura | n. force; drive; electric. |
| LE | v. write; design; letter. | RE | n. straight; line; long. |
| len | n. document; book; read. | ren | n. cord; tense; thin. |
| ale | n. sign; mean; flag; crest. | are | n. order; arrange; series. |
| ile | n. trace; mark; print. | ire | p. again; recur; continue. |
| ule | n. stain; blot; spot. | ure | n. right; regular; correct. |
| LI* | p. to; direct; point. | RI* | n. time; while. |
| lin | n. edge; outline; profile. | rin | n. rhythm; pulse; metre. |
| ali | n. side; wing; flank. | ari | v. reach; gain; come. |
| ili | p. near; about; approx. | iri | n. recoil; react; spring. |
| uli | n. close; proximate; intimate. | uri | n. season; suit; opportune. |
| LO | v. open; free; undo. | RO | n. colour; dye; paint. |
| lon | n. loan; let; lend; hire. | ron | n. tone; tune; shade; mood. |
| alo | v. allow; leave; ticket. | aro | n. beauty; adorn; fair. |
| ilo | n. loose; hang; relax. | iro | n. light; shine; lamp. |
| ulo | n. oil; grease; flatter. | uro | n. gold; glory; splendour. |
| LU | v. play; game; amuse. | RU* | v. go; move; mobile. |
| lun | n. absurd; trivial; vain. | run | n. machine; apparatus. |
| alu | v. invite; host; guest. | aru | v. draw; pull; charm. |
| ilu | n. jest; laugh; merry. | iru | v. vibrate; shake; thrill. |
| ulu | n. monkey; mischief. | uru | v. swing; sway; wag; flux. |
| J. | C. | ||
| JA | v. rub; scratch; jerk; rough. | CA | n. four; square; rectangle. |
| jan | v. gnaw; grind; chew; rodent. | can | n. box; cell; case; room. |
| JE | n. stone; hard; stiff; stern. | CE | v. fix; secure; support. |
| jen | n. metal; courage; coin. | cen | v. stop; shut; bar; gate. |
| JI* | n. person; human; private. | CI* | n. which; refer; some. |
| jin | n. spirit; soul; ghost; fairy. | cin | n. grade; scale; step. |
| JO | n. God; idol; ideal; sacred. | CO | v. cut; kill; knife. |
| jon | n. magic; spell; occult. | con | n. crush; dust; powder. |
| JU | n. delight; happy; toy; glad. | CU | v. wish; want; hope. |
| jun | n. young; fresh; junior. | cun | n. whim; caprice. |
| H. | X. | ||
| HA* | n. name; call; address; Of | XA | n. merit; good; nice. |
| han | n. title; honour; noble. | xan | n. thanks; thank; gratis. |
| HE* | n. any; general; public. | XE | n. feline; cat; sly. |
| hen | n. common; vulgar; cheap. | xen | n. canine; dog. |
| HI | n. class; category. | XI | n. six; hexagonal. |
| hin | p. after; follow; sequence. | xin | n. gloss; glaze; sheen. |
| HO | n. special; define. | XO | v. show; evident; witness. |
| hon | n. genuine; honest; rely. | xon | n. pomp; ceremony; flaunt. |
| HU | n. air; breath; wind; weather. | XU | n. sweet; sugar; fragrant. |
| hun | n. gas; vapour; melt. | xun | n. guile; cunning; diplomacy. |
| V. | F. | ||
| VA | n. front; face; ahead. | FA | n. chance; luck; risk; perhaps. |
| van | v. hide; mask; shade; night. | fan | n. fancy; myth; pretend. |
| VE | n. vegetable; herb green. | FE | n. false; cheat; trap; spurious. |
| ven | n. cereal; crops; corn. | fen | n. defect; fault; wrong. |
| VI | n. nature; quality; kind. | FI* | v. fail; miss; slip; hardly. |
| vin | n. essence; cream; wine. | fin | n. feeble; weak; faint. |
| VO | v. grieve; weep; woe; sorry. | FO | v. fear; alarm; danger. |
| von | v. pity; spare; mercy. | fon | n. loud; noise; roar. |
| VU | n. vague; wanter; stray. | FU | p. out; exterior; foreign. |
| vun | v. twist; coil; curl; screw. | fun | n. odd; strange; peculiar. |
| PARTICLES. | |
| a* | p. at; fixed place (sf.). |
| e* | n. many; frequent; plural. |
| i* | p. while; when (sf.). |
| o* | p. honorific; quality (sf.). |
| u* | p. how; manner (sf.). |
| an | n. she; her. |
| en* | n. it; its; the. |
| in* | n. this; the latter. |
| on | n. he; him; his. |
| un* | n. that; the former. |
| ua | p. for; as for; c. that. |
| ue | p. ought; duty; oblige. |
| ui | p. yes; assent. |
| uo | p. must; necessity. |
| au | p. but; alternative. |